Personality Disorders
A class of mental health issues known as personality disorders is defined by persistent thought, feeling, and behavior patterns that markedly differ from the norms of the individual's culture. These patterns are widespread, unchangeable, and frequently cause the individual experiencing them to become distressed or less able to function. Usually beginning in childhood or the early stages of adulthood, personality disorders do not go away.
Types of Personality Disorders
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) categorizes personality disorders into three main clusters based on common symptoms:
Cluster A Personality Disorders - Unusual and Eccentric Thinking or Behaviors:
- Paranoid Personality Disorder: Marked by relentless mistrust and suspicion of others without adequate reason. Individuals often believe others are trying to harm or threaten them.
- Schizoid Personality Disorder: Characterized by a consistent pattern of detachment from and disinterest in interpersonal relationships, with limited emotional range.
- Schizotypal Personality Disorder: Involves discomfort with close relationships, distorted views of reality, superstitions, and unusual behaviors.
Cluster B Personality Disorders - Dramatic and Erratic Behaviors: 4. Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD): Demonstrates a lack of respect for others, non-compliance with social norms, and may engage in harmful or criminal behavior without remorse.
- Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD): Marked by emotional regulation difficulties, low self-esteem, mood swings, impulsive behaviors, and challenges in relationships.
- Histrionic Personality Disorder: Involves intense emotions, a distorted self-image, a reliance on others' approval for self-worth, and dramatic or inappropriate behaviors to seek attention.
- Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Characterized by perceived superiority, grandiosity, an excessive need for admiration, and a lack of empathy.
Cluster C Personality Disorders - Severe Anxiety and Fear: 8. Avoidant Personality Disorder: Individuals experience chronic feelings of inadequacy and fear negative judgment, leading to avoidance of social interactions.
- Dependent Personality Disorder: Involves a constant and excessive need for care from others, submissiveness, and an inability to make decisions independently.
- Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD): Marked by an extreme need for orderliness, perfectionism, and control that may interfere with tasks and relationships.
Impulse Control Disorders
Impulse Control Disorders (ICDs): A group of behavioral conditions making it challenging to control actions or reactions, potentially causing harm to oneself or others. Examples include angry outbursts, arguing, defiance, stealing, and rule-breaking.
Types of Impulse Control Disorders: . Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD): Displays uncooperative, defiant, and hostile behavior toward authority figures.
Conduct Disorder: Involves ongoing aggression toward others, rule violations, and social norm violations.
Intermittent Explosive Disorder: Frequent impulsive anger outbursts causing significant distress.
Kleptomania: An overpowering urge to steal, even though the individual knows it is wrong.
Pyromania: Irresistible impulse to start fires, often accompanied by tension and a release after starting a fire.
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