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Depression

Depression

Though these emotions normally pass quickly, everyone experiences sadness or bad moods occasionally. Major depressive illness, sometimes known as clinical depression, is not the same as these emotions. Severe symptoms may result, which may impact sleeping, eating, and working as well as your mood and cognitive processes. Irrespective of age, ethnicity, income, culture, or level of education, anyone can be affected by this sickness. According to research, depression may be influenced by biological, psychological, environmental, and genetic variables.

Major depression is characterized by depressive symptoms that predominate for at least two weeks and usually interfere with functioning in all areas of life.

Dysthymia, often known as persistent depressive illness, is characterized by significantly longer-lasting, usually two-year-long, less severe depressive symptoms.

Typical signs of depression include:

  • Constantly feeling depressed, nervous, or "empty"

emotions of despair or hopelessness

  • Feelings of restlessness, frustration, or irritability

remorse, worthlessness, or powerlessness

  • Loss of enjoyment or enthusiasm for pastimes or activities

Diminished vitality, exhaustion, or feeling "slowed down"

inability to focus, recall details, or make decisions

  • Oversleeping, trouble falling asleep, or early morning awakenings

Appetite shifts or unanticipated weight

  • Suicidal thoughts/ideas/ and attempts

Treatment

Psychotherapy, medication, or both are commonly used in the treatment of depression.Based on each person's unique demands and medical circumstances, the best treatment strategy should be selected.

Treatment Resistant Depression (TRD)When you use at least two different antidepressants and your symptoms don't go better, you may have treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Contrary to its name, there are a number of therapeutic alternatives accessible, such as drugs and treatments like modified electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), ketamine infusion as well.

Suicide

Suicide 

Suicide is the act of someone intentionally harming themselves in an attempt to end their life and dying as a result.

A suicide attempt When someone tries suicide, they intentionally hurt themselves in an attempt to end their life, but they are not successful.

Key suicide risk factors include a prior history of suicide attempts, depression, mental disorders, or substance use issues. Chronic pain, a family background of mental health problems or substance use, and a history of suicide within the family also contribute.

 Exposure to family violence, possession of firearms at home, recent release from incarceration, and witnessing or experiencing others' suicidal behavior are additional risk factors. Recognizing and addressing these factors is crucial for suicide prevention.

Warning Signs of Suicide

Identification of potential suicide risk involves paying attention to various signs:-

  • Verbal expressions like discussing a desire for death, overwhelming guilt, or feeling burdensome to others can indicate suicidal thoughts.
  • Emotional cues may include a sense of emptiness, hopelessness, feeling trapped, extreme sadness, anxiety, agitation, or rage.
  • Observable changes in behavior, such as making plans for suicide, withdrawing from social connections, engaging in risky actions, experiencing mood swings, and altering eating or sleeping patterns, are warning signs.
  • Increased substance use may also be an indicator of suicidal thoughts.

Prompt intervention is crucial if these signs are observed, especially if the behavior is recent or escalating. Seeking help is essential for prevention.

Bipolar disorder

Recurrent episodes—at least two in number—during which the person experiences severe disruptions in mood and level of activity are the hallmark of this condition.  Bipolar Disorder includes mania or hypomania, which is a period of increased mood and heightened energy, and depression, which is a period of lowered mood and decreased energy.

Symptoms of a Manic Episode

  • Elevated mood: A noticeable and sustained increase in mood that may manifest as extreme happiness, euphoria, or irritability.
  • Increased energy and activity levels: A surge in physical and mental energy often accompanied by restlessness and a heightened sense of motivation.
  • Reduced need for sleep: Individuals experiencing a manic episode may sleep significantly less than usual without feeling tired.
  • Racing thoughts and rapid speech: A quick and continuous flow of thoughts that may be expressed through rapid or pressured speech.
  • Grandiosity: Exaggerated beliefs about one's abilities, importance, or power.
  • Impulsivity: Engaging in activities without considering the consequences, such as reckless driving, excessive spending, or risky behaviors.
  • Poor judgment: Difficulty assessing the potential risks and outcomes of one's actions.
  • Increased goal-directed activity: A noticeable increase in pursuing goals or activities, often with a sense of urgency.
  • Distractibility: Difficulty focusing on one task or train of thought, with attention easily shifting to unrelated stimuli.
  • Irritability: A heightened sensitivity to external stimuli, leading to increased irritability and frustration.

Symptoms of a Depressive Episode

  • Persistent sad, anxious, or "empty" mood: A pervasive feeling of unhappiness or emotional emptiness that lasts for an extended period.
  • Loss of interest or pleasure in activities: A significant decrease in interest or enjoyment in previously enjoyed activities or hobbies.
  • Significant changes in weight or appetite: Noticeable weight loss or gain, or changes in appetite, often leading to unintentional fluctuations.
  • Insomnia or hypersomnia: Difficulty sleeping or an increase in the need for sleep, beyond normal variations.
  • Fatigue or loss of energy: Persistent feelings of tiredness, weakness, or a general lack of energy, even after rest.
  • Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt: A pervasive sense of low self-esteem, self-blame, or guilt that is disproportionate to the situation.
  • Difficulty concentrating or making decisions: Impaired cognitive function, leading to trouble focusing, making decisions, or remembering things.
  • Psychomotor agitation or retardation: Either an increase in physical activity and restlessness or a noticeable slowing down of movements and thought processes.
  • Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide: Persistent thoughts of death, dying, or contemplating suicide, even if there is no specific plan.
  • Aches or pains without a clear physical cause: Unexplained physical symptoms, such as headaches or stomach aches, that do not respond well to treatment.

The Treatment of bipolar disorder typically involves a combination of medication, psychotherapy, and lifestyle adjustments. It's important to note that the specific treatment plan may vary based on the individual's symptoms, preferences, and the severity of the disorder.